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Activities and Exercises
The cost of happiness - DeWall and Myers also summarize another recent Current Directions article with some accompanying activities. [added 9/17/15]
Mindfulness meditation can enhance emotional regulation - Still wondering what to do with that bag of raisins lying around? DeWall and Myers offer a suggested activity. There has been quite a bit of research recently demonstrating the value of mindfulness on a variety of outcomes. This activity provides a good way to illustrate it to your students. This link takes you to an article describing how a sociologist uses mindfulness meditation in his classes. This link takes you to a site which is compiling research on the topic through a series of newsletters. [added 9/17/15]
Fast thinking feels good - Just off their latest stint in Vegas, here's another activity from DeWall and Myers. [added 9/17/15]
The False Consensus Effect - I have used this
simple demo for quite a while now, and it always works
quite well. You may have done something similar. I actually
do it when I am starting to talk about attitudes, and
use it as some review. I tell them I am going to read
a list of belief statements, and they should select
a number from 1-7 for each one, from strongly disagree
to strongly agree. For example, I pick a topic such
as professional wrestling, and I give them statements
such as "Professional wrestling is a sport,"
or "Professional wrestling is violent," or
"Professional wrestling is amusing." (I also
throw in "I wish Stone Cold Steve Austin was my
brother.") Most students don't consider pro wrestling
amusing, so after I give that statement I tell them
to answer the following question with a %. "What
% of your classmates gave a 3 or higher to the statement
' professional wrestling is amusing.'" About half
give a 1 or 2 and about half give 3 or higher. Then
I ask those who gave a 1 or 2 to report what % they
thought would say 3 or higher. I do the same for those
who gave a 3 or higher. I write their percentages on
the board. The results are quite clear: Those who gave
a 1 or 2 gave a much lower % than those who gave a 3
or higher to "professional wrestling is amusing."
My students see how mundane and common this phenomenon
is. You could substitute all kinds of belief statements
for the ones I used. In fact, you could run the demo
with just one belief statement. Let me know if you have
done something similar to this or if you try it with
your students. [added 2/19/14]
From
Wealth to Well-Being: Spending Money on Others Promotes
Happiness - This project won honorable mention for
the 2013 Social Psychology Network Action Teaching Award.
"This classroom activity offers a vivid and memorable
way to demonstrate an important lesson from research
on the psychology of happiness: that spending money
on others often leads to greater happiness than spending
money on oneself. Indeed, even the act of reflecting
on a prosocial spending leads to greater happiness than
thinking about spending the same amount of money on
oneself. To illustrate this finding, the instructor
gives students one of two handouts: a blue sheet that
asks students to describe the last time they spent approximately
$20 on themselves, or a yellow sheet that asks them
to describe the last time they spent the same amount
on someone else. In both cases, the sheet ends by asking
students to rate their current happiness on a 9-point
scale. Then, once students have completed the writing
assignment and rating, they're asked to crumple the
sheet into a ball and throw it at one of three signs
in the front of the classroom corresponding to the rating
they gave: 1-3 (a relatively low level of happiness),
4-6 (medium happiness), or 7-9 (high happiness). The
most common result is that the 7-9 sign draws more yellow
balls than blue balls, which sets up a discussion of
how helping others can, in turn, help oneself."
[added 8/29/13]
Using
Current Directions in Psychological Science
articles - David Myers and Nathan DeWall continue
their new series in the APS Observer on good ideas for
incorporating Current Directions articles in
your classes. In these two instances, many good suggestions
are given for addressing research on emotional reappraisal
and improving well-being. [4/1/13]
Demonstrating
self-other (dis)agreement in personality judgments
- [added 12/08/12]
The
think positive experiment
- [added 6/11/12]
Learned
helplessness - Watch a video of a nice classroom
exercise to illustrate learned helplessness.
[3/29/09]
Social
identity
- paper assignment that could be used as in-class or out-of-class
exercise - from Michael Schmitt
Group
identity
- paper assignment that could be used as in-class activity
or discussion starter - from Michael Schmitt
Self
Lab
- based on Markus, 1977, JPSP - from a Research Methods
in Social Cognition course - courtesy of Janet Ruscher
Multimedia
Resources (Audio / Video)
Audio
"Why nobody feels rich: The psychology of inequality" (33:00) - A podcast from NPR's Hidden Brain
“How inequality affects the way we think, live, and die” (32:29) - a podcast from NPR’s Hidden Brain
The
Self: Interview with John Cacioppo on loneliness - (2:56)
[added 3/24/09]
Video
Stop touching your face! - Many medical personnel and politicians were chastised for touching their face at the same time they were telling people not to touch their face. The first link is to a video of several such cases. But we know how hard it is to interrupt unconscious processes. Here is an article which talks about some related research. I'm going to be using this video a lot. PANDEMIC
The joy of being wrong (3:28) - a nice video on the value of intellectual humility
An interview with Walter Mischel (1:06:58)
Self-disparagement, confirmation bias, ... (3:17) - amusing Saturday Night Live clip that illustrates multiple concepts
Self-knowledge (45:13) - At the 2015 APS Convention, Timothy Wilson gives a talk entitled, "Strangers to ourselves: The limits, sources, advantages, and disadvantages of self-knowledge."
"The paradox of choice" (19:33) - Barry Schwartz gives a TED Talk -- has choice made us freer or more paralyzed? I applaud his choice of outfit.
Dishonesty (34:34) - Excellent video on the topic from Dan Ariely
Walter Mischel discusses the marshmallow test - (5:38) on The Colbert Report. Worth watching. [added 9/24/15]
"One
of the greatest contributing factors to happiness" - (7:14)
[added 2/19/14]
Happiness
resources - Videos and other resources [added
12/07/12]
The
marshmallow study revisited - (3:45)
an interesting
variation on
the famous study of self-control with kids [added 12/07/12]
Interviews
of Ed Diener - First
interview - (14:43)
Second interview
- (11:53)
Michael Frisch interviews Ed Diener on happiness research. Michael
also provides a
song about happiness research.
[added 11/29/11]
How
perception of time affects our work, health, and well-being -
(10:09)
an interesting animated video from Phil Zimbardo [added
10/3/10]
Dealing with
time - (6:31)
an interesting, brief historical look at the ways we look at and think
about time, narrated by Bob Levine [added 10/3/10]
The
riddle of happiness - (20:06)
a good TED talk from Daniel Kahneman [added 10/3/10]
Can
money buy happiness? - (4:05)
depends on what you spend it on according to Thomas Gilovich
[added
10/3/10]
Impulse
control of sextuplets - (2:35)
a video showing a test of delay of gratification among a famous set
of sextuplets [added 12/12/07]
Dan
Gilbert lecture - (20:00)
Interesting 20-minute talk on the impact bias, "the tendency
to overestimate the hedonic impact of future events." We're not
very good at predicting what will make us happy. But I think you will
enjoy this video. Hey, I wonder if we are better at predicting what
will make other people happy? [added 7/19/07]
"The
Happiness Formula" - A BBC program has an extensive accompanying
website with lots of video and other good resources on happiness.
Even take a happiness test. [added
7/6/06]
Class
Assignments
Projects
Putting
positive psychology into action - a service learning project
[added 8/1/10]
Self-projects
-
in his Self and Social Psychology course, Allen McConnell assigns
his students to "identify a topic for self-understanding and
self-improvement (e.g., weight loss, community service, exercise
regimen, reduction in swearing) that can be monitored on a weekly
basis. The purpose of the self-project is to provide a work-in-progress
where students apply theory and findings in the course to a concrete,
self-relevant situation."!
Paper
Assignments
Self-portraits
- students create self-portraits in picture as well as essay form
applying concepts of self and social belief; then they compose portraits
of classmates based upon their pictures
.
Examples
Cognitive dissonance - Here is a good description of the cognitive dissonance experienced by the followers of the QAnon conspiracy now that Trump lost the election. And if you are wondering where those QAnon subscribers are going to go now, click here!
Adaptation-level phenomenon - Social psychologist Keith Payne shares an example from his childhood.
Moral licensing - Here is an example from one of my students: “A classmate of mine said that she did 2 extra credit assignments over the weekend to turn in on Monday. She said it was a lot of work and it made her feel really ahead in class. She then exhibited moral licensing when she explained that because she did those extra assignments, she was going to skip class on Wednesday and asked me if I would provide the notes. I thought this was pretty funny.”
Cognitive dissonance - How does it feel to find out that one of your favorite celebrities is a sexual assaulter/harasser?
Cognitive dissonance - How do White nationalists respond when DNA testing reveals they are not all white, and how do their group members respond?
Reducing cognitive dissonance - "In just one day, Fox News offered 15 different excuses for Trump's disgusting treatment of women."
Upward comparison - Amid the other interesting tidbits in this Talk Psych blog entry from Myers and DeWall is mention of a study in which the researchers analyzed over 30 billion friendships on Facebook (largest data set ever?) and found that in seeking new friends we tend to "friend up." [added 9/17/15]
Cognitive dissonance - The meat paradox: How do we reconcile caring for animals while eating them? [added 9/17/15]
Perception
of Control
Impulse control
of sextuplets - a video showing a test of delay of gratification
among a famous set of sextuplets [added 12/12/07]
A
couple of other former chapter thoughts: I was reading an article
on Mary Decker in the Tribune on Sunday and noticed the "control"
issue surfacing throughout. Mary was training for the Olympics
and she and her husband were deciding whether or not to have a
child. Their decision ended up being yes. Because of race schedules
they had only one month in which conception could take place and
she could still have time to deliver, recover, and begin training
again. She and her husband flew to Hawaii and in fact she became
pregnant during that time. The point of the story in the planning
and in her comments about being pregnant was control. She
had decided when to get pregnant and she did (lucky Mary). Many
others who plan something like this to coincide with work and
school schedules are not as successful and the disappointment
related to that has to do with control. The feeling is We're doing
all the things we're supposed to do, now why aren't "we" pregnant.
It's funny the number of conversations like this I've had with
women whose biological clock is ticking away. Another
interesting comment Mary made in the article was that when she
was pregnant all of a sudden there was this person inside her
controlling her body. She couldn't do the same things, this person
demanded more of her (nutrition, sleep, etc.) and her body grew
in a way that was for the most part, out of her control. I found
it very interesting to read this story because it pointed out
to me some psychological concepts I had never associated with
pregnancy. Also, as my biological clock ticks away and results
at this point are none, it make me understand some of the reasons
underlying the frustrations people (we) feel when things don't
go exactly as we like to plan them.
While
sitting at home today waiting for delivery men, I had much time
to be thinking of journal examples. One thing I thought about
was the uneasy feeling I had all morning. I realized that the
uneasiness was due to the uncertainty as to when my furniture
would come. I had no control over the situation. My lack of control
was increased because our phone does not get connected until Wednesday
and so I could not call them and they could not call me. Not until
I had gone downstairs and used the phone in the rental office
to find out what time my delivery would come did I feel that I
had some control and thus felt more relaxed.
I
have established a bedtime routine which we follow every night:
bath, juice, books, kiss Daddy, look out window, hug bunny, lie
down in crib. He knows the pattern by now and doesn't get upset
when I put him in bed. There is a predictability in our actions,
and I assume that gives him a feeling of control. I think it's
important, though, that he is able to handle some variety so that
if something occurs which is out of the ordinary or contrary to
our/his routine, he won't fall apart completely.
Illusion of control - That button doesn’t actually work! Interesting article about how many of the buttons around us (e.g., walk buttons at intersections, close-the-door buttons on elevators) aren’t actually functional. But we push them anyway!
Illusion
of Control - I know that flying is safer statistically than
riding in a car. Nor am I afraid to fly. Yet I am reminded that
no matter how much I think I believe it, I really don't. For example,
I drive my car to work everyday and never once consider that I
will not make it home. Yet on Friday, my husband and I had our
will updated because we are flying out of town without our children.
I know I never get on a plane without a feeling of apprehension
and never land without a feeling of relief. From my studies I
can attribute my feelings to two possible factors: 1) When I drive
a car, I am in control. I drive defensively and alertly. When
I get on a plane, I have absolutely no control. The pilot is in
charge. He may have had a fight with his spouse and his head is
in the clouds. (Pardon the pun.) He may have a terrific hangover
from the night before. The loss of control has a terrific influence
on my feelings. 2) The vividness effect is also dominant. When
an airline crashes, it makes the front page. We see horrendous
scenes of the accident sight on the 10:00 news. We see interviews
of victims' sobbing relatives. All the people on board the aircraft
are dead and never had a chance to survive. This image always
comes to mind when I fly. The vividness of this scenario is hard
to wipe from my mind.
Reactance
- One night not too long ago, my friends and I were browsing the
shelves of Blockbuster searching for a movie we could all agree
on, a feat that usually takes close to an hour. Along the way
we offered many suggestions, the most prominent being "The
Lives of Others." We continued to look though, because that's
just what we do. After another 10-15 minutes of searching, we
decided that movie would be fine. But when we went back to take
it, it was gone. We were so upset, claiming we really wanted to
watch it, and it was the perfect movie for that night. Now knowing
better, I can attribute our reactions to reactance: we liked "The
Lives of Others" better when the choice was taken away. [added
4/16/08]
Reactance
- Today while I was on the phone, I was told about a classic case
of reactance. This is something that my brother suffers from often,
just like he was a little kid (but he's 18). On Tuesday, my brother
had to go to some place in Hillcrest to sign up for his classes.
He's going to attend S.I.U., however, there was this place up
here for the northern students to sign up at so they wouldn't
have to drive to Carbondale. Now I know my brother pretty well.
He loves tennis. He hates bowling. Just like us, they have to
take a P.E. class, so he decided that he wanted bowling. This
was before he found out that tennis was available. Then he finds
out he can take tennis, but bowling is filled. He had a spaz.
He now wanted bowling more than he wanted tennis. When I asked
him why, he said it was because he couldn't get into bowling.
Oh well, that's my brother.
Reactance
- I discovered an example of the reactance theory in my own life
this past summer. My family wants a dog for a pet. I haven't been
too thrilled by the idea all along. I finally agreed, only if
it was a Pembrooke Welsh Corgi. Corgis are a rather uncommon breed
and I figured we probably wouldn't find one at any of the shelters.
At the first shelter we went to, the employees had never heard
of the breed. Much to my delight and the rest of the family's
dismay, they doubted if they would ever receive a dog like that
into the shelter system for disposal. At the second shelter, though,
the receptionist knew exactly what we were talking about. She
rechecked her records and informed us that we missed getting a
Corgi by a few days. They had just had one in their possession
the previous week. I remember thinking, "Oh, no! We were so close."
Now I really wanted the dog badly. We spent the rest of the day
checking at other shelters but to no avail. It's been 3 months
and still no more Corgi. I've spent considerable time checking
with breeders and shelters. My husband keeps wondering out loud
why if I don't want a dog, am I going through all this work. I
think this whole situation also has something to do with relative
deprivation. I've gotten numerous books from the library about
Corgis. Seeing them with their owners makes me feel deprived.
If they can have a dog, why can't I? I'd be just as good an owner.
(Gosh, we've already even built the dog house!) Although some
owners of Corgis wouldn't necessarily be in our reference group
-- for example, Queen Elizabeth owns 3 Corgis, -- many of the
owners look like "regular folks." These are people that could
definitely fit in our reference group for comparison. I guess
I'll continue to feel "deprived" until we get one.
Self-handicapping - Every once in a while me
and my friends get together to play a big game of Halo 3. Since
our "skill" level varies widely among us we have to
divide the teams up as fairly as we can. One day, we had an odd
number of players that showed up and the first idea that came
to all of our heads was that one of us was going to sit out. Instead,
however, my friend volunteered to be the team with fewer players.
We all knew he did this because when he lost he could claim it
was because his team was outnumbered. It was his own strategy
to self-handicap in order to shrug off the loss. [added
4/16/08]
Self-handicapping - My mom started this new diet.
Since she usually fails, she overworks herself when she exercises
the first couple times. From that, she is too sore to continue
exercising and so she stops completely. Instead of doing a little
bit every day, she knows she's going to fail. She purposely overworks
herself so that she is not responsible for her failure.
[added
4/16/08]
Self-serving bias - David Myers shares some more examples of the ever-present bias.
Self-serving
bias - Once again, a survey finds that the American public
does not have a very high opinion of how Congress is handling
its job, a 61% disapproval rate, but only 29% disapprove of "the
way their own representative is handling his or her own job."
Here
is the actual survey. [added 12/27/06]
Better-than-average effect - "Students view the same behaviors they've engaged in as racist when someone else does them."
Exaggerated
perception of self - I heard a commercial on the radio the
other day for a contest at Fanduel.com, which is a site that promotes
fantasy sports. The commercial began, "Are you an above average
fantasy football player?" The ad went on to promote its 50/50
game in which the top half of players in a division would win
money each week. How could such a game make any money for Fanduel?
We are all above average, aren't we? That opening question and
the premise that the top half of participants will earn cash is
a great way to play on our exaggerated perceptions of ourselves.
[added 2/19/14]
Exaggerated
perception of self - "90% of corporations think that
their executives deserve above-median pay." Remember the
study that found that 94% of faculty at one school rated themselves
above average among the faculty at that school? [added
1/15/12]
The
group-serving bias - Despite overwhelming dislike of politicians
in Washington, there has always been a group-serving bias such
that MY representative/senator is okay, but the rest of those
bums are terrible. Now, the majority of Americans don't even like
their own incumbent. [added
12/5/10]
Moral myopia? - David Myers wrote an excellent blog essay about how our exaggerated perception of self may hinder our ability to judge our own right and wrong actions.
Another update on the marshmallow test -
Children will be more likely to delay gratification if they know their teacher will find out.
Detailed lectures- John Kihlstrom shared his lecture notes for the self and other social topics.
The self-fulfilling prophecy - a good blog entry on the phenomenon, from a sociological perspective
Seek success or avoid failure? - With our attention to upward comparison and the adaptation-level phenomenon it is not surprising that we are often more concerned with avoiding failure than seeking success. Here is some more research consistent with this premise – “the dissatisfaction of being sexually rejected by a partner lasts longer than the pleasure of having an advance accepted.”
Complete this statement 20 times: “I am _____ - When teenagers were asked to complete this task they mostly chose traits to describe themselves, and most of those traits were positive. However, when young adults (18-30) were given the same task they tended to define themselves in terms of their social roles.
Talk to yourself about yourself in the third person - After reading this research, Jon has learned that it is more likely to improve your self-knowledge and emotional regulation than simply ruminating about things. Ohh, now Jon gets it.
Does gratitude reduce dishonest behavior? - As this research suggests, activating, consciously or unconsciously, someone’s feelings of gratitude can increase their resistance to temptation.
“Why do people stay when a hurricane comes?” - “We found that outside observers — and even the relief workers providing aid — viewed those who evacuated as ‘self-reliant’ and ‘hard-working,’ while they denigrated those who stayed behind, calling them ‘lazy,’ ‘negligent’ and ‘stubborn.’”
“The ‘real you’ is a myth” - “We constantly create false memories to achieve the identity we want.”
Re-replication of the facial feedback phenomenon - This story provides a great example of how science is tentative and how our understanding of the world is always evolving.
“When bragging on social media can be a good thing” - It may not help your social standing, but it can make you feel better.
People want to be compared with self, not others, in performance reviews
"Strongest evidence yet" for ego depletion - Here is some more research that suggests that it does, and that tries to address problems with earlier research.
“What is the secret to being more assertive?” - Having self-respect – interesting research that distinguishes between feeling good about yourself and self-respect.
How much bragging should you do on your resume? - Of course I already knew this, but the research suggests a moderate amount is best.
Belief in our moral superiority is our most self-enhancing bias of all - “’Virtually all individuals irrationally inflated their moral qualities, and the absolute and relative magnitude of this irrationality was greater than that in the other domains of positive self-evaluation,’ the researchers noted.”
"African farmers' kids conquer the marshmallow test" - Apparently they are the first group of non-Western kids assessed on this delay of gratification test, and the first of any group to have a majority wait for the second treat
"For conspiracy theorists, the more obscure a theory... - the more appealing it becomes, satisfying their 'need for uniqueness.'"
Markers of our identity - What does your car say about you? What does not having a car or even a driver's license say about you?
"We have an unfortunate tendency to assume we're morally superior" - Morally superior? You people are stupid!
"Can signatures decrease cheating?" - This series of studies found that having someone sign his/her name BEFORE completing a task reduced cheating more so than if the person signed afterwards or not at all
Perceived increase in incivility just more self-serving bias? - This study provides a very clear example of the self-serving bias to use in class.
"Practising self-control with a squeezy handgrip boosted these students' grades" - This is an interesting and useful study, but I primarily included it because I like the phrase "squeezy handgrip." It's just fun to say! I know, I need better self-control.
The unconscious voice of creativity - An interesting little rumination on where our ideas come from from David Myers. But I really just included this link because I love the photo included. It looks as if David is annoyed at us for intruding on his private writing time. And, yet, he is the one who included the photo! Aha, it was it his unconscious mind that did it!
"Distinctiveness defines identity" - David Myer explains why Scots identify themselves as Scottish more than English. We define ourselves in terms of how we are different. Which is usually awesome, of course.
"Googling stuff can cause us to overestimate our own knowledge" - Looking something up can create the "illusion of knowledge." We've tried to tell our students that, haven't we?
The development of self-control - This article reviews some research presented at the APS convention.
"Self-proclaimed experts more vulnerable to the illusion of knowledge" - Like I'm telling you something you didn't already know. "New research reveals that the more people think they know about a topic in general, the more likely they are to allege knowledge of completely made-up information and false facts, a phenomenon known as 'overclaiming.'"
Bragging often backfires - Of course I knew that.
Self-justification for lying/cheating - Here is a brief summary of the research described in one of the above Current Directions articles.
"Most good people have the same basic life story"
Solomon's paradox - Research finds that we are better at making wise decisions about other people's lives than about our own. You should fix that.
The "front stage" self and the "back stage" self - At the Oscars!
Income inequality promotes status seeking - Although this remarkable finding is coming from respected columnist Wray Herbert, I still want to see the research article before I can believe it. Researchers tested the hypothesis that greater income inequality leads to more status seeking which leads to more desiring/purchasing of high status goods. They found that Google searches in states in the U.S. with greater income inequality targeted luxury and high-status goods 70% of the time. What % of searches for such high-status goods were conducted in more income equal states? ZERO PERCENT! WHAT?!? I know, it seems impossible for it to be ZERO. I look forward to the article in an upcoming issue of Psychological Science. I couldn't find a draft of the article online anywhere yet. If you find one please send me the link. ZERO??
When to use an intention implementation plan - "The results were pretty clear. Creating an implementation intention for a single goal was beneficial, but for multiple goals disastrous. It seems that implementable planning for multiple objectives increases the salience of two things: the difficulty of juggling numerous goals compared to a single one, and the potential conflicts and constraints that exist between multiple goals." [added 9/24/15]
Relative superiority - I just coined a new term! (Okay, probably not, but give me my 15 minutes, okay? Thanks.) You know about relative deprivation, when someone feels at a disadvantage compared to someone in a similar situation, such as a car-less college student comparing herself to college students with cars. That often leads to feelings of frustration and disappointment. But what if one perceives himself in an advantageous position relative to similar others? He experiences relative superiority. And what does that lead to? Voting Republican! And supporting government policies that restrict welfare programs even if one is poor. Read on.... [added 9/24/15]
Dogs like control too! - [added 9/24/15]
Inmates also exhibit better-than-average effect - And not just compared to other inmates. They believe they are more self-controlled, more compassionate, more generous, more dependable, more trustworthy, and more honest than non-inmates as well. However, the inmates only thought they were equally law-abiding compared to non-inmates. [added 9/17/15]
When
outcomes are more unclear we are more fatalistic - If I can't
do anything about it or figure out how it will come out, I will
leave it to the mysterious hand of fate. [added 2/19/14]
Roy
Baumeister on willpower - a brief Q&A in Time magazine
[added 8/29/13]
"Illusion
of control: Are there benefits to being self-deluded?"
- Duh. Social psychology: The study of the obvious...for those of
us who aren't deluded. [added 8/29/13]
Prefer
mimics who use same body part as us - [added
1/13/13]
The
name uniqueness effect - That is, "you think your first
name is rarer than other people do." [added
1/13/13]
"Just
how independent are independent voters?" - Sam Sommers
reviews research finding that independents are like the rest of
us -- they are influenced by prior attitudes (party affiliations).
I know, social psychology is the study of the obvious. [added
1/13/13]
Why
you keep playing the lottery - Yes, you. [added
1/13/13]
Which
side of your face do you prefer to show in pictures? - "A
team of scientists say that it reflects how much you see yourself
as emotional and arty or rational and scientific. Owen Churches
and his colleagues analysed the personal webpages belonging to 5,829
English-language university academics around the world. They found
that engineers, mathematicians and chemists more often posed with
their right cheek; English lit. dons and psychologists with their
left. '... [M]ost academic psychologists, who may have entered the
profession during its arts oriented past, perceive themselves as
being more akin to arts academics than scientists,' said Churches
and co." [added
1/13/13]
The
worse-than-average effect - You can't all be me (average, that
is). But even I think I am worse at some things than I actually
am. [added
7/7/12]
Revising
your story - "University of Virginia psychologist Timothy
D. Wilson, PhD, is fascinated by the stories people tell themselves
to make sense of the world. Those personal narratives, he says,
can make the difference between living a healthy, productive life—or
not. But the question is: How can we alter those narratives to enact
positive, lasting change?" [added
7/7/12]
Even
introspection is context-dependent? - Sam Sommers looks at how
efforts of self-improvement are shaped by the situations we are
in. Coincidentally, Sam has a new book out entitled Situations
Matter. [added 7/7/12]
Speaking
in a deep voice makes you feel more powerful - [added
7/7/12]
"Symbolic
interactionism on the road" - Good blog entry discussing
symbolic interactionism and self-concept as it relates to the act
of driving [added
1/29/12]
The
mystery of mirrors - Not really social psych, but mirrors are
fascinating. People are poor at judging what they would see in a
mirror when looking at it from an angle. [added
1/29/12]
The
Penn State saga - In this blog entry, Sam Sommers connects the
sordid issues of Joe Paterno and Penn State to a number of social
psych phenomena. [added
1/29/12]
End-of-the-world
forecaster has revised the date - If you are reading this, the
world has not ended -- yet. According to Harold Camping, it was
supposed to end on May 21. He meant to say October 21. [added
8/21/11]
"Monkeys
doubt themselves just like humans" - Although, researchers
aren't sure. Interesting way of testing for this. [added
6/12/11]
"The
benefits of thinking about our ancestors" - "An initial
study involved 80 undergrads spending five minutes thinking about
either their fifteenth century ancestors, their great-grandparents
or a recent shopping trip. Afterwards, those students in the two
ancestor conditions were more confident about their likely performance
in future exams, an effect that seemed to be mediated by their feeling
more in control of their lives. Three further studies showed that
thinking or writing about their recent or distant ancestors led
students to actually perform better on a range of intelligence tests,
including verbal and spatial tasks (in one test, students who thought
about their distant ancestors scored an average of 14 out of 16,
compared with an average of 10 out of 16 among controls). The ancestor
benefit was mediated partly by students attempting more answers
- what the researchers called having a 'promotion orientation.'"
[added
6/12/11]
Your
friends and family see you differently (on some things) - Interesting
study finds that we often perceive ourselves differently than others
see us on certain traits (e.g., others see us as less neurotic than
we see ourselves). Most interestingly, these same discrepancies
appeared across cultures. [added 12/24/10]
Engaging
in impression management actually changes your perception of others
[added 12/24/10]
Social
comparison bias - This blog entry describes research finding
that we tend to prefer to associate with those whose strengths don't
compete with ours. [added 12/23/10]
Cross-cultural
differences in the mirror test - "The performance of young
children on the 'mirror self-recognition test' varies hugely across
cultures, a new study has shown." [added
12/23/10]
Suppressing
thoughts of smoking leads to more smoking - [added
10/30/10]
Social
influence on the illusion of control - "The illusion of
control is the tendency to believe that we have influence over uncontrollable
events. It has been well demonstrated in gamblers who may often
put down wins and losses to their skills and abilities, even on
games like roulette where the outcomes are entirely random. This
new study found that roulette players who learnt that someone else
had recently 'won big' had an increased illusion of control, expected
to win more and made more risky gambles while playing. However,
this effect virtually disappeared simply by adding that the 'big
winner' had put down his bonanza to sheer luck." [added
7/20/10]
Self-delusion
and lying - Read another interesting blog entry from Sam Sommers
concerning examples in the news of forged transcripts and inflated
resumes. [added
7/20/10]
Indirect
bragging can be harmful - You may be better off saying "I
could be the next prime minister" than saying "My son
could be the next prime minister." [added
7/20/10]
Willfulness
vs. willingness - Blog entry describes interesting research
which asks if it is better to tell ourselves "I will do this"
or to ask ourselves "Will I do this?" before starting
a task. Studies find that the less goal-directed wondering was more
successful, and actually led to more goal-directed intentions.
[added
7/20/10]
"Census
figures challenge views of race and ethnicity" - [added
2/13/10]
Evaluating
your own competence is hard - very interesting article reviewing
research about the difficult of judging one's own competence [added
1/19/10]
"Thinking
that you're blushing makes you blush even more" - a number
of interesting findings in this study [added
7/16/09]
Loss
aversion and dieting - Interesting story of a new Web site that
requires you to pledge some money connected to certain weight loss
goals. If you don't meet them, the money is donated to a charity
or a person you designate. Connected to loss aversion. And what
if the wife's (or husband's) demerits cost her money? (See above.)
[added
7/16/09]
The
illusion of control by proxy - Summary of an interesting study
which finds "we are prepared to hand over control to others
if we believe they are likely to be luckier than we are. Wohl and
Enzle call this 'illusion of control by proxy.'" [added
5/2/09]
Stick to your resolutions/goals?
- Interesting new website Michael Britt passed along in which you
select a goal, set a deadline, and identify a punishment if you
don't make it. Can you feel public embarrassment online?
[added
5/2/09]
Self-handicapping
- New York Times article on some research - [added
5/2/09]
"Individual
differences in susceptibility to mindlessness" - If someone
tried to jump in line at the copier within an inane excuse would
you still give in? What if you were high in need for cognition?
High in self-monitoring? [added
5/2/09]
Name-dropping
... maybe not such a good idea - "Indeed, according to
Carmen Lebherz and colleagues, name-dropping will probably make
you appear less likeable and less competent - unless, that is, you
make your association with the famous name sound suitably distant
and casual. Even then, it's only likely to do you any good as a
kind of sympathy vote, after your audience have witnessed you fail."
[added
5/2/09]
How
mirrors affect self-perception - Interesting article from the
New York Times -- did you know the image of your face in the mirror
is exactly half the size of your real face, no matter how far you
are away from the mirror? [added 12/21/08]
"How
do you make a reputation for yourself?" - a good blog entry
reviewing some research on the topic [added
8/09/08]
The
imposter phenomenon - Is expressing self-doubt a personality
trait or self-presentation? [added 5/24/08]
Culture
influences perspective - "Once again, we see the same pattern:
in social situations, Asian Americans are more likely than Euro-Americans
to take the perspective of a friend (by using "come" instead
of "go" when someone is approaching them), while in non-social
situations the pattern is almost reversed." [added
4/27/08]
"Personality
plagiarism rife on internet dating sites" - interesting
discussion of how people are "constructing the self" on
the internet by stealing attractive or creative profiles
[added
4/14/08]
In
denial - New York Times article reviewing some interesting
research on what motivates denial, how it is viewed by others (sometimes
more favorably than being honest), and what forms it takes [added
12/21/07]
How
are optimists, pessimists, and realists perceived? - a story
about some research -- optimists and realists more favorably perceived
than pessimists, but people will still stop and help pessimists
[added 11/21/07]
"Conversational
partners coordinate eye movements" - interesting study
looking at how even separated conversants coordinate eye gaze [added
10/25/07]
"I'll
agree to do the right thing...next week" - "When making
decisions a person often thinks that she should make certain choices
(e.g., increasing savings, reduce gas consumption) but does not
want to make them. This intrasubjective tension between 'multiple
selves' has been referred to as a 'want/should' conflict. In four
experiments we show that people are more likely to choose what they
believe they should choose when the choice will be implemented in
the future rather than implemented immediately, a tendency we refer
to as 'future lock-in.'" [added
7/06/07]
The
forgotten origins of the self-serving bias
- Probably like most of you, I assumed that the self-serving bias
had been part of human nature for as long as, well, we've been humans.
But, with a little digging, I discovered it's a relatively new phenomenon!
[added 12/1/04]
"Tutorials"
on several topics - David Kenny provides some clearly written
explanations of a variety of methodological and interpersonal perception
topics. [added 7/16/03]
Self-determination
theory
- a site from Edward Deci et al. on their motivational theory --
it includes an overview, bibliography, discussion of the reward
controversy (overjustification effect), related scales that can
be downloaded and more [added 6/6/02]
"The
Self in Scientific Psychology" - classic article from Mary
Whiton Calkins (1915)
"The
Social Self" - classic article by George Herbert Mead (1913)
Self-esteem
“Where does the imposter feelings come from?” - “More than 40 years ago, two psychologists coined the term impostor phenomenon. They used the term to describe the many bright, highly accomplished women they had encountered in their clinical practice, who, surprisingly, had trouble believing that they had really earned their success. These women regarded their academic or professional success as unearned and doubted their abilities; they thought they had gotten to where they were by some fluke or stroke of good luck; and they worried that others would discover their supposed incompetence.”
Interventions boost self-esteem, reduce stereotype threat - a good, brief article describing some of the research
Self-esteem
and Facebook use - How do high and low self-esteem individuals
use Facebook differently? Interesting series of studies. [added
7/7/12]
Sweets,
sex, or self-esteem boost -- which would you like more? - College
students chose the self-esteem boost. [added 6/12/11]
"Admiring
celebrities can help improve self-esteem" - What? Yes, this
study found that engaging in these "fake" relationships
with celebrities (called parasocial relationships) can benefit those
with low self-esteem. [added
8/09/08]
"Exploding
the self-esteem myth" - a featured article in the January
2005 issue of Scientific American by Roy Baumeister et al. [added
3/20/05]
Report
on self-esteem
- A report published in Psychological Science in the Public Interest
from APS challenges certain supposed benefits of high self-esteem.
[added 7/21/03]
Race
and self-esteem
- article (2000) in Salon magazine
Happiness
The World Happiness Report 2021 - "The World Happiness Report 2021 focuses on the effects of COVID-19 and how people all over the world have fared. Our aim was two-fold, first to focus on the effects of COVID-19 on the structure and quality of people’s lives, and second to describe and evaluate how governments all over the world have dealt with the pandemic. In particular, we try to explain why some countries have done so much better than others."
The World Happiness Report finds... - despite the pandemic, self-reported life satisfaction across 95 countries is about the same as the previous year. That makes me happy! Oops, the average just went up. PANDEMIC
Are bronze medalists happier than silver medalists?
Schadenfreude: Enjoying others’ suffering - This research examines when we are most likely to do so.
Inequality and happiness - David Myers lays out some interesting data linking economic inequality with other measures of well-being.
Happiness - Several articles on the subject from APS
“Why Denmark dominates the World Happiness Report rankings year after year”
"Happiness doesn't affect health?" - David Myers, in his inimitable way, nicely skewers this misleading story in the popular press. "Ditto, one can eliminate the seeming effect of a hurricane by 'controlling for' the confounding effect of the wind, rain, and storm surge. A hurricane 'by itself,' after eliminating such mediating factors has little or no 'direct effect.'" Have your students play "that game" with all kinds of other effects! One can eliminate the effect of what Donald Trump says on his poll numbers once you control for....
"Mathematical equation to predict happiness" - Finally. That makes me happy. "The happiness of over 18,000 people worldwide has been predicted by a mathematical equation, with results showing that moment-to-moment happiness reflects not just how well things are going, but whether things are going better than expected." [added 9/24/15]
"The
United Nation's '2013 World Happiness Report'" - [added
2/19/14]
"What
a silver medal teaches us about regret" - good blog entry
looking at research on silver medalists [added 1/13/13]
"Pessimism
-- it could save your mind" - "The researchers set out
to examine the best method to dealing with life stressors and determine
if positive outlook resulted in improved mental health. Studies thus
far have yielded mixed results on this issue. While some say positive
appraisals of stressful events can benefit mental health in the long
run, others caution against not gauging threatening events accurately.
The researchers decided to study the experiences of recently married
couples over a sustained period of time. To do this, the researchers
measured the severity of controllable, negative situations (based
on observer ratings), perceived marital satisfaction (based on the
subjects’ own ratings), and depressive symptoms — each
assessed at particular set points. Through two carefully controlled
studies, they were able to reconcile the disparate conclusions of
past research. The factor that appears to be responsible for this
difference appears to be the severity of stress faced by the subject."
[added
1/29/12]
LiveHappy
-- an iPhone app to increase happiness - This application won
honorable mention for the Social Psychology Network Action Teaching
Award. [added
6/12/11]
Does
fun fly when you're having time? - Okay, that doesn't make sense.
But this set of studies wondered if the saying "time flies when
you're having fun" could be turned on its head. If you perceive
time is flying does that positively affect your judgment of something?
[added 1/19/10]
Happy?
Depends on your state - Your U.S. state that is -- "People
really are happier in those US states identified as having better
'quality of life.'" [added 1/19/10]
Day
Reconstruction Method example (Are you enjoying yourself? How
do we know?) - One method of measuring your level of happiness or
enjoyment is through Kahneman's Day Reconstruction Method in which
participants "divide the last day up into discrete episodes and
rate their feelings during each one." However, as this blog entry
describes, that method led to some "bizarre" results such
as "people seem to spend an inordinate amount of time doing things
they claim not to enjoy, like spending time with their children, and
commuting." (I just realized, I've been commuting to work with
my children the last couple years. Yikes!) A new approach suggests
asking people not only how they feel during these activities but also
how worthwhile or meaningful (i.e., rewarding) they are. Adding such
questions to the method changes what people report as enjoyable. Spending
time with children is still a common activity, but now it is described
as more pleasurable. Commuting .... not so much. [added
1/19/10]
"Can
anything in life ever surpass winning 14 gold medals?" -
interesting blog on Michael Phelps "peak experience" and
whether everything after will be less satisfying [added
12/21/08]
How
to be happy - This blog entry visits research supporting three
strategies for increasing one's happiness. [added 3/23/08]
Short-term
vs. long-term happiness - interesting blog entry describing research
that examines the sources of our happiness [added 12/21/07]
Dan
Gilbert's work - A good report from the 2007 APS convention on
how poor we are at forecasting our happiness [added
10/25/07]
"The
Happiness Formula" - A BBC program has an extensive accompanying
website with lots of video and other good resources on happiness.
Even take a happiness test. [added
7/6/06]
Can
money buy happiness?
Can money buy happiness? - Some new research puts a new spin on the question: “We draw on prior research that distinguishes between the frequency and intensity of happiness to suggest that higher income is more consistently linked to how frequently individuals experience happiness than how intensely happy each episode is,” state the researchers. “Notably, we demonstrate that only happiness frequency underlies the relationship between income and life satisfaction.”
Are you happier spending money on things or experiences? - Previous research suggested that spending money on experiences produced more happiness than spending money on material objects. However, this recent study found that it depends on one’s social class.
When is the “experiential advantage” not? - According to this new research, those who are not well off find spending money on objects at least as desirable as spending it on experiences. Prior research had found that we find spending on experiences more pleasurable than spending on things. However, most of that research was conducted on a rather affluent group – college students. This is a good example to share with your students about the limits of generalizability.
The
endowment effect - Why we overvalue stuff we own/buy [added
8/29/13]
"8
ways that money can buy happiness" - from Dan Gilbert [added
7/7/12]
Does
money buy happiness? - "The study worked by asking people
what their own income and happiness levels were and then asking
them to estimate the happiness of people on lower or higher incomes
than themselves. The participants' estimates of the happiness of
people on high incomes was largely accurate, but they massively
underestimated the happiness of people on lower incomes. The picture
was the same in a second study that asked people to estimate how
happy they'd be if they earned more or less than they really did."
I wonder if salaried people perceive hourly employees as less happy?
[added 1/19/10]
Effects of exposure
to luxury goods - And in a related story..."Luxury does
not necessarily induce people to be 'nasty' toward others but rather
causes them to be less concerned about or considerate toward others.
Experiment 1 showed that when primed with luxury, people are more
likely to endorse self-interested business decisions (profit maximization),
even at the expense of others. Experiment 2 further demonstrated
that exposure to luxury is likely to activate self-interest but
not the tendency to harm others." [added 1/19/10]
Happier
if you were richer? - Here's an interesting article, "Would
you be happier if you were richer?: A focusing illusion," from
Daniel Kahneman and others. "When people consider the impact
of any single factor on their well-being -- not only income -- they
are prone to exaggerate its importance; we refer to this tendency
as the focusing illusion." The authors conclude that although
we generally are not happier with more income we convince ourselves
we will be by focusing on the perceived benefits of greater income
such as more free time. However, they find that this focus is an illusion
because greater income does not usually lead to more free time or
other imagined benefits. [added 12/27/06]
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.
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